You click on the layer mask, and hit ctrl+L. This gives you the levels adjustment window to adjust the levels of the mask, but it's destructive, i.e. it doesn't give you a levels layer, attached to the mask, that you can revisit.
I'm not sure if there's a way to do it non-destructively.
Photoshop does not support mask stacks or erase blending mode as some other image editors ( Affinity Photo, Photoline) but it still could be perfectly done non-destructively with clipping groups and "blend if " dialogs
Make black pixels gradually transparent through "blend if" dialog on Level 1 smart object and add whatever levels you want to it.
Then uncheck "Blends Clipped layers as Group" in the Group1 "blend if" dialog.
Same way you could make shared "masks" through the stack by means of smart objects . Make them unique by "New smart object via Copy" put its own groups and layers in masking stacks/groups and so on .
In a word Photoshop can be totally non-destructive if you willing to deal with so damn complicated layer stack.
Affinity Photo does it in much more elegant manner with erase layers that you could link content of to each other and use a complex curve to "blend if"
Photodhop kind of feels more rusty and outdated each new year
You can't apply Levels to a vector mask, only to a layer mask. Check what kind of mask you have. When you do it correctly, you'll see the mask listed in the Channel area, like this.
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I'm not sure if there's a way to do it non-destructively.