I mean theoretically, if the vertex order stays the same. You could move bones based on closest point location and update the rig this way? It would probably break eventually if the changes are too big But if you can morph/blend from one sculpted state to another, you can automatically move the bones relative to that blend…
If the rig doesnt change, then all you need is to transfer skinning from source to target. This could be worldspace (depends on the changes really), topology space or even UV space if that doesnt change. This limits how much you can change i would assume. But yeah if you want the rig to adjust, this is what I would try.…