In the example you've used (the white rubber ball) by dipping it in water you're not increasing it's specularity but rather increasing it's gloss. The specular amount is relative to the chemical composition of the material and in this example the material is staying the same. What is actually happening is all the…
Another interesting tidbit, if you have two balls, and you paint one with a glossy white paint, and the other with a glossy black paint, and looked at each of them, you might quite reasonably assume the black one was more reflective. It's not though, the diffuse is simply darker, while the specular reflectivity is the same…
A big advantage of PBR is that materials will look accurate whatever their lighting conditions. This was not always the case before PBR so textures were often custom made to match the lighting they're intended to be used in. Obviously Earthquake wrote the article, but I'd guess he was referring to the real world reference…
It's a misconception that you can't pick your diffuse/albedo value in a PBR system. Diffuse values will vary heavily for insulators depending on what color a material is. If you find a measured diffuse value for say, red paint, that doesn't you have to use that value for every type of paint, obviously blue paint or black…